Contents
Preface to the Third Edition

Part I Introduction: Fundamentals
1Environmental Science and Technology: The Connection
Introduction
What Is Environment Science?
Terminology
Science and Environmental Science
Case Study 1.1: Salmon and the Rachel River
Environmental Science and Technology: The Connection
Case Study 1.2: Passenger Pigeons, Heath Hens, and Attwater’s Prairie Chicken
Case Study 1.3: The Amish and Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
When Properly Connected, Science and Technology Offer Solutions
Case Study 1.4: Transnational Corporations and Environmental Pollution
When Improperly Connected, Science and Technology Can Cause Harm
Case Study 1.5: Like a Cooked Goose

2Environment Science: The Fundamentals
Introduction
Biogeochemical Cycles
Energy Flow through an Ecosystem and the Biosphere
Units of Measurement

3Environmental Chemistry
Introduction
What Is Chemistry?
Elements and Compounds
Classification of Elements
Physical and Chemical Changes
The Structure of the Atom
Periodic Classification of the Elements
Molecules and Ions
Chemical Bonding
Chemical Formulas and Equations
Molecular Weights, Formulas, and the Mole
Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter
States of Matter
The Gas Laws
Liquids and Solutions
Thermal Properties
Organic Chemistry
Environmental Chemistry: Environmental Media
Summary of Chemical Properties of Water
Earth’s Atmosphere: “A Flask without Walls”
Summary of Chemical Properties of Air
Soil Chemistry
4Environmental Microbiology
Introduction
Microbiology
The Cell
Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Algae
Case Study 4.1: Airborne Particulate Matter
Protozoa and Other Microogranisms
Case Study 4.2: Activated Biosolids Process (Wastewater Treatment)
Case Study 4.3: Brain-Eating Amoeba in Tap Water
Environmental Factors Affecting Protozoan Population
Enzymes
Metabolic Transformations
Bacterial Growth
Pathogenicity
Case Study 4.4: West Nile Virus

5Environmental Toxicology
Introduction
Dose-Response
Environmental Toxicology: Practical Applications
Case Study 5.1: Biotic Index
Environmental Endocrine Disrupters
Case Study 5.2: DDT: Glory Days to Walking on Eggshells

6Environmental Geology and Groundwater Hydrology
Introduction
What Is Geology?
Formation and Types of Rocks
Formation of Soil
Case Study 6.1: Doing Dirt
Soil Enhancement and Rebuilding
Soil Characteristics
Soil Profile
Functions of Soils
Groundwater Hydrology

7Environmental Sampling and Analyses
Introduction
Environmental Sampling and Analysis: What’s It All About?
General Considerations for a Sampling Program
Case Study 7.1: Sydney, Australia
General Evaluation Methods for Environmental Media

8Technology and the Environment
Introduction
The Impact of Technology on Air Quality
Case Study 8.1: Xenoestrogens and Estrogen Dominance
Sources of Water Pollution
Case Study 8.2: Persistent Pesticide Exposure
Sources of Soil Pollution
Case Study 8.3: When the Animas River Became a “Yellow Boy”
Case Study 8.4: Composting Toilets: Beneficial Technology for Preserving Soil and Water Quality
Alternative and Renewable Energy Technologies

Part II Air Quality
9The Atmosphere—Basic Air Quality
Introduction
The Atmosphere
Case Study 9.1: Albedo
Case Study 9.2: Blowing in the Wind . . .
Microclimates
The Seasons
Urban Heat Islands

10Meteorology
Introduction
Case Study 10.1: Shenk’s Ferry: A Microclimate in Action
Meteorology: The Science of Weather
Case Study 10.2: El Niño
Thermal Inversions and Air Pollution
Optical Phenomena

11Atmospheric Pollutants
Introduction
Major Air Pollutants
Case Study 11.1: Snowmobiling in Yellowstone National Park
Case Study 11.2: Take a Deep Breath . . . and Hold It

12Atmospheric Air Dispersion
Introduction
The Atmosphere and Meteorology
Dispersion Models

13Atmospheric Change—Global Climate Change
Introduction
Global Warming
How Is Climate Change Measured?
Case Study 13.1: The 411 on Global Climate Change
Acid Precipitation
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion

14Air Pollution Control Technology
Introduction
Air Pollution Control: Choices
Case Study 14.1: Cedar Creek Composting
Air Pollution Control Equipment and Systems
Removal of Dry Particulate Matter
Removal of Gaseous Pollutants: Stationary Sources
Removal of Gaseous Pollutants: Mobile Sources

Part III Water Quality
15Characteristics of Water
Introduction
Water Resources
Case Study 15.1: Real and Artificial Wetlands
Water Use
Characteristics of Water

16Characteristics of Freshwater Bodies
Introduction
Surface Water
Lentic (Standing or Still) Water Systems
Case Study 16.1: Eutrophication
Lotic (Flowing) Water Systems
Case Study 16.2: Why Do Rivers Flood?
Groundwater

17Water Pollution and Water Pollution Control
Introduction
Sick Water and PPCPs
Case Study 17.1: Flint by Any Other Name Might Be Lead
Point and Nonpoint Sources of Pollution
Industrial Sources of Water Pollution
Case Study 17.2: Woburn, Massachusetts
Hazardous Waste Disposal
Acid Mine Drainage
Case Study 17.3: Acid Mine Drainage and the Berkeley Pit
Agricultural Sources of Surface Water Pollution
Case Study 17.4: The Lotka-Volterra Predator-Prey Principle

Acid Rain
Groundwater Pollution
Water Pollution Control
Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
Federal Water Pollution Control Act
Effect of Regulations on Preventing Water Pollution
Case Study 17.5: When Government Intervened To Protect a Polluter
Water Treatment
Wastewater Treatment
Wastewater Characteristics
Thermal Pollution Treatment
Pollution Control Technology: Underground Storage Tanks (USTs)
Pollution Control Technology: Groundwater Remediation

Part IV Soil Quality
18Soil Characteristics
Introduction
Soil: What Is It?
Soil Basics

19Soil Pollution and Soil Pollution Control
Introduction
Surface Origins of Soil Contaminants
Industrial Practices and Soil Contamination
Case Study 19.1: Brownfields
Soil Pollution Control
USTs: The Problem
Case Study 19.2: Roundaway Tanks
Case Study 19.3: Human Error
Risk Assessment
Exposure Pathways
Remediation of UST-Contaminated Soils

Part V Solid and Hazardous Waste
20Solid Wastes
Introduction
Solid Waste Regulatory History (United States)
Solid Waste Characteristics
Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes
Case Study 20.1: Problem Wastes—Tire Disposal

21Hazardous Wastes
Introduction
What Is a Hazardous Substance? A Hazardous Waste?
Case Study 21.1: Spills of Hazardous Materials
Again, What Is a Hazardous Substance?
What Is a Hazardous Waste?
Where Do Hazardous Wastes Come From?
Why Are We Concerned about Hazardous Wastes?
Hazardous Waste Legislation

22Waste Control Technology
Introduction
Waste Minimization
Recycling
Treatment Technologies
Ultimate Disposal

Appendix: Energy Units and Math Operations
Glossary
About the Author