Preface
Introduction

Section 1: Early and Later Prehistory
1. Early prehistory of Africa
Human evolution

2. Later prehistory: from hunting and gathering to farming and pastoralism
Homo sapiens, the hunter-gatherer
Further climate change, adaptation and the ancestry of African languages
Crop cultivation, domestication and the origins of farming
The origins of farming and pastoralism in tropical Africa

3. Ancient Egypt and Nubia
Origins of Ancient Egypt
Unification
The Kingdoms
Nubia and the Kingdom of Kush

Section 2: Early Iron Age
4. The impact of iron in north east and north west Africa
The spread and impact of early metalworking
Origins and spread of ironworking
The Iron Age Kingdom of Meroe
The origins and rise of Aksum
Iron Age north Africa and early trans-Saharan trade

5. The Early Iron Age in west Africa
The Early Iron Age in west Africa
The origins and early development of the Kingdom of Ghana
Other early west African states and societies

6. The Early Iron Age in central, eastern and southern Africa
Evidence for the spread of ironworking
Origins of the Early Iron Age in sub-equatorial Africa
The spread of the Early Iron Age
The development and organisation of Early Iron Age society

Section 3: Religion and Empire in Northern and Western Africa
7. North Africa to 1000 ce
Northern Africa in the Graeco-Roman period
Early Christianity in northern Africa
The Arab invasions: the Nile valley and the Maghrib

8. Trans-Saharan trade and the Kingdom of Ancient Ghana
Trans-Saharan trade and the peoples of the desert
The Kingdom of Ghana at the height of its power

9. Islam and the Sudanic states of west Africa
The Almoravids
The Muslim states of north Africa, 1100–1500
The Empire of Mali
The decline of Mali
The origins and rise of Songhay

Section 4: Religion, Trade and Chieftaincy in Eastern, Central and Southern Africa
10. Eastern Africa to the sixteenth century
The Christian kingdom of Ethiopia, 850–1550
Muslim penetration of Ethiopia and Somalia, 850–1550
Pastoralists and farmers of the east African interior

11. Later Iron Age states and societies of central and southern Africa to the sixteenth century
State formation north of the Zambezi
Cattle keeping and state formation south of the Zambezi
The origins and character of the Great Zimbabwe tradition
Cattle-keeping peoples south of the Limpopo

12. Trading towns of the east African coast to the sixteenth century
The origins of east African coastal trading society
The growth of Swahili trading towns
The Portuguese on the east African coast, 1498–1600
Madagascar

Section 5: West Africa in the Era of the Slave Trade
13. The Atlantic slave trade, sixteenth to eighteenth century
Slavery in Africa before the Atlantic trade
The origins of European maritime trade with west Africa
The nature of the slave trade
Profit from the slave trade: the European dimension

14. West African states and societies, to the eighteenth century
The fall of the Songhay Empire
The Sultanate of Borno-Kanem
The Hausa city-states
Wolof kingdoms of Senegambia
Kingdoms of the forest: Ife and Benin
Oyo and Dahomey, savannah states of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries
The Kingdom of Asante

Section 6: State Renewal and Formation in North, East, Central and Southern Africa
15. North and northeast Africa to the eighteenth century
The 'Arabisation' of northern Africa
States of the Maghrib, sixteenth to eighteenth century
From Fatimid to Mamluk: Egypt before the Ottoman conquest
Egypt under Ottoman rule
Nubia and the Funj Sultanate
Oromo migrations and the kingdom of Ethiopia

16. Central and eastern Africa to the eighteenth century
The east African interior west of the Victoria Nyanza
The east African interior east of the Victoria Nyanza
Farmers, fishers and hunters of the Congo forest
West-central Africa in the era of the slave trade
Central African empires and the growth of trade

17. Southern Africa to the eighteenth century
Southern Africa before 1650
The early Cape Colony: white settlement and Khoesan resistance, 1650–1770
States and societies of the southern African interior, 1600–1800

Section 7: The European intrusion: from slave trade to commerce, missionaries and 'Pan-Africanism'
18. The ending of the Atlantic slave trade
Abolition of the Atlantic slave trade
West African commerce in the nineteenth century

19. Christian missions, new states and precolonial 'Pan-Africanism'
European Christian missionaries in precolonial Africa
Sierra Leone and Liberia
African Christians and precolonial 'Pan-Africanism'
Christian missions in southern Africa
Missionaries as agents of imperialism

Section 8: The nineteenth century before the European 'Scramble for Africa'
20. West Africa in the nineteenth century
Islamic jihads in the western Sudan

21. Central and east Africa in the nineteenth century
Western-central Africa in the nineteenth century
Kingdom of the flood plain
Long-distance trade in eastern-central Africa
Invasion from the south: the Ngoni
The east African slave trade
The trade in ivory and slaves in the interior of central Africa
Madagascar: the rise of the Merina Kingdom

22. Preindustrial southern Africa in the nineteenth century
State-building and conflict, early nineteenth century
The British at the Cape
The Boer trek and African resistance
Southern Africa in 1870

23. North and north-east Africa in the nineteenth century
The French in north Africa and Algerian resistance
Egypt and Sudan
The reunification of Ethiopia

Section 9: The challenge of cultural and political imperialism, late nineteenth century
24. Colonial conquest and African resistance in east, north-central and west Africa
European 'explorers': the mapping of Africa as a 'prelude' to empire
The 'Scramble for Africa'
Conquest and resistance

25. Industrialisation, colonial conquest and African resistance in south-central and southern Africa
The southern African mineral revolution
The British 'scramble' for south-central Africa
Wars of conquest and resistance in Mozambique
Conquest and resistance in Namibia
The South African War, 1899–1902

Section 10: The impact and nature of colonial rule, 1890–1945
26. Consolidation of empire: the early period of colonial rule
Raw materials and markets
Peasant producers, railways and white settlement in British east Africa
Rebellion in the German colonies
Missionaries, Christianity and early expressions of 'nationalism'
The First World War and Africa, 1914–18

27. Africa between the wars: the high tide of colonial rule
The economic impact of colonial rule
The nature and impact of colonial administration
The spread of Islam in tropical west Africa
Education: from precolonial tradition to colonial reality
African nationalism and protest movements in the inter-war years
Segregation, nationalism and protest in South Africa

28. The Second World War and Africa
Fascism and the world at war
Fascist aggression and the Second World War in north and northeast Africa
The impact of the war on Africa and Africans

Section 11: The overthrow of colonialism
29. The winning of independence (1)
Colonial development strategies
The winning of independence in British west Africa
The winning of independence in French West and Equatorial Africa
The struggle for independence in the Maghrib
Egypt, Sudan, Eritrea and Somalia

30. The winning of independence (2)
British east Africa
Independence in Belgium-ruled central Africa
Independence on the islands

31. The winning of independence (3)
Federation and independence in British Central Africa
The winning of independence in Portuguese-ruled Africa
The struggle for freedom in southern Africa

Section 12: Africa since Independence
32. African responses to the colonial legacy
The political legacy
The economic legacy: underdevelopment and dependency
The early drive for economic development
The role of the military in African politics
The socialist alternative

33. The challenges and dilemmas of development: debt and international aid
Debt
Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs)
The CFA franc zone
Globalisation
International aid
African international cooperation

34. Contemporary Africa
Democratic resurgence in the 1990s
Conflict and resolution
Health and environment
Political stability and contemporary Africa
Further Reading
Index