LGBTQI+ Persecution and the Holocaust

An Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Perseverance

LGBTQI+ Persecution and the Holocaust cover

LGBTQI+ Persecution and the Holocaust

An Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Perseverance

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Description

Gives voice to the experiences of LGBTQI+ persons prior to, during, and after the Holocaust, showing how the Nazi regime instituted a violent, oppressive, and murderous attack on LGBTQI+ life, culture, and identity.

Hitler and the Nazis' reign of power had dire and long-lasting consequences for LGBTQI+ persons in Germany, Europe, and arguably the world. This survey of key topics and themes within the greater landscape of Holocaust and genocide studies helps identify how deep-seated prejudices against LGBTQI+ persons evolved into eliminationist ideology under the Nazis. Entries consider the lives of the persecuted and the persecutors alongside examinations of the attitudes and ideas that shaped their present and prejudices; in short, how the German society at large came to condone, and at times participate in, the forceful arrest, disappearance, and murder of thousands of their fellow citizens. Considering also the resistance movement, profiles of key individuals tell the story of those who resisted the Nazi assault on LGBTQI+ persons. A chronology of key events, perspective essays, primary sources, and survivor testimony further help shed light on the resilience and resistance of the community and the evolution of their persecution under and after the Nazis.

Table of Contents

Acknowledgments
Chronology of Key Events

Introduction

Introductory Essays
LGBTQI+ Persons and the German Empire, 1871-1914
LGBTQI+ Persons and the Weimar Republic, 1914-1933
LGBTQI+ Persons and the Nazi Regime, 1933-1945
LGBTQI+ Persons after 1945

A–Z Entries
Arondéus, Willem (1894-1943)
“Asocial” Prisoners
Auschwitz Concentration Camp
Beck, Gerhard (Gad) (1923-2012)
Belinfante, Frieda (1904-1995)
Book Burning, Nazi
Buchenwald Concentration Camp
Cabaret (1972)
Compensation for LGBTQI+ Victims
Concentration Camps, Treatment of LGBTQI+ Persons
Damenklub Violetta, Berlin
Degeneration and Sexuality
Drag (“Cross-Dressing”) in Nazi Germany
Eick, Annette (1909-2010)
Eldorado Night Club, Berlin
Eugenics in Nazi Germany
Flossenbürg Concentration Camp
Forced/Coerced Sterilization
Fuhlsbüttel Concentration Camp and Prison
Girls in Uniform (1931)
Grese, Irma (1923-1945)
Grune, Richard (1903-1983)
Himmler, Heinrich (1900-1945)
Hirschfeld, Magnus (1868-1935)
Hitler, Adolf (1889-1945)
Homosexual Is Not Perverse, but, Rather, the Situation in Which He Lives, The (1971)
Institute for Sexual Science (Institut für Sexualwissenschaft)
Kitzing, Fritz (1905-?)
Kohout, Josef (Heinz Heger) (1915-1994)
Kosinski, Teofil (Stefan) (1925-2003)
Lesbianism in Nazi Germany
LGBTQI+ Nazis
Memorials and Monuments to LGBTQI+ Victims
Men with the Pink Triangle, The (1972)
Night of Long Knives/Röhm Purge
Nuremberg Race Laws
Paragraph 175
Pink Lists/Pederast Lists
Pink Triangle
Propaganda, Nazi
Ravensbrück Concentration Camp
Reich Central Office to Combat Homosexuality and Abortion
Röhm, Ernst (1887-1934)
Röhm Scandal
Sachsenhausen Concentration Camp
Scientific-Humanitarian Committee (Wissenschaftlich-humanitäres Komitee, WhK)
Seel, Pierre (1923-2005)
Transgender Persons in Nazi Germany
Transvestite Passport
Ulrichs, Karl Heinrich (1825-1895)
Vaernet, Carl Peter (1893-1965)
Volksgemeinschaft (People's Community)
Von Mahlsdorf, Charlotte (1928-2002)
Waldoff, Claire (1884-1957)

Primary Source Documents
1. Gad Beck Oral History
2. Photograph of German Students Rallying Outside the Institute for Sexual Science (May 6, 1933)
3. Nina Kaleska Oral History
4. Paragraph 175
A. 1871
B. 1935
C. 1969
D. 1973
5. Teofil (Stefan) Kosinski Oral History
6. Transgender in Nazi Germany: Gerd Katter (born Eva Katter)
A. Medical Certification Signed by Magnus Hirschfeld Defining Katter as a “Transvestite”
B. Identification Card That Gives Gerd Katter Permission to Dress in Male Clothing
C. Photograph of Gerd Katter in Male Clothing, 1929
7. United Nations Genocide Convention (1948)
8. Crimes Against Humanity, Rome Statute, Article 7 (1998)
9. Susan Dregely Oral History

Perspective Essays
1. Do you consider the Nazi persecution of LGBTQI+ Germans during the Holocaust a
genocide? Why or why not?
Perspective 1, W. Jake Newsome (independent scholar, United States)
Perspective 2, Amy H. Shapiro (Alverno College, United States)
2. In your opinion, why didn't bystanders do more to defend, rescue, and/or support
LGBTQI+ victims during and/or after the Holocaust?
Perspective 1, W. Jake Newsome (independent scholar, United States)
Perspective 2, Amy H. Shapiro (Alverno College, United States)
3. Why is it important to remember what happened to the LGBTQI+ community during the
Holocaust? What must we remember, and what can we learn from this history?
Perspective 1, W. Jake Newsome (independent scholar, United States)
Perspective 2, Amy H. Shapiro (Alverno College, United States)

Glossary
Bibliography
About the Author and Contributors
Index

Product details

Bloomsbury Academic Test
Published 02 Oct 2025
Format Ebook (PDF)
Edition 1st
Extent 264
ISBN 9798216169765
Imprint Bloomsbury Academic
Illustrations 18 bw
Publisher Bloomsbury Publishing

About the contributors

Author

Alexis Herr

Alexis Herr, PhD, is editor of Rwandan Genocide: T…

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