Chapter 1 Illustrations
Chapter 2 Preface
Chapter 3 Acknowledgements
Chapter 4 Time Line of the Ancient Thinkers
Chapter 5 Map: Philosophers in the Ancient World
Part 6 Chapter 1: A World Ready for Philosophy
Chapter 7 I. Why Ancient Philosophy
Chapter 8 II. Qualities of the Greek Mind Conducive to Philosophy
Chapter 9 III. Before Philosophy: Homer and Hesiod
Chapter 10 A. Homer
Chapter 11 B. Hesiod
Chapter 12 IV. Why Homer and Hesiod Are Not Philosophy
Chapter 13 V. Other Conditions Affecting the Birth of Philosophy
Chapter 14 A. The Polis
Chapter 15 B. Architecture and Art
Chapter 16 VI. How and Where Philosophy Began
Chapter 17 VII. The Branches of Philosophy
Part 20 Chapter 2: Philosophy Begins
Chapter 21 I. By What Name Shall We Call the Milesian Thinkers?
Chapter 22 II. How Do We Know About the Early Thinkers?
Chapter 23 III. The Thinkers from Miletus: Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes
Chapter 24 A. Thales (624-546)
Chapter 25 B. Anaximander (610-546)
Chapter 26 C. Anaximenes (585-528)
Chapter 26 Discussion Questions
Chapter 27 Select Bibliography
Chapter 27 IV. General Remarks on the Milesians
Part 30 Chapter 3: Philosophy Moves to Italy
Chapter 31 I. Italy
Chapter 32 Discussion Questions
Chapter 32 II. Pythagoras
Chapter 33 Select Bibliography
Chapter 33 III. Xenophanes
Part 36 Chapter 4: The Turn of the Fifth Century: Heraclitus and Parmenides
Chapter 37 I. The Turn of the Century
Chapter 38 II. Heraclitus
Chapter 39 III. Parmenides (fl. 501-490) and His Successors
Chapter 40 Discussion Questions
Chapter 40 A. Parmenides
Chapter 41 B. Zeno and Melissus
Chapter 41 Select Bibliography
Part 44 Chapter 5: The Persian Wars and their Aftermath: Sophistry and Rhetoric
Chapter 45 Discussion Questions
Chapter 45 I. The Persian Wars
Chapter 46 Select Bibliography
Chapter 46 II. Rhetoric and Sophistry
Part 49 Chapter 6: Medicine, Tragedy, History
Chapter 50 I. Medicine
Chapter 51 Discussion Questions
Chapter 51 II. Tragedy
Chapter 52 III. History
Chapter 52 Select Bibliography
Part 55 Chapter 7: Empedocles, Anaxagoras, and Democritus
Chapter 56 I. Empedocles
Chapter 57 II. Anaxagoras
Chapter 58 Discussion Questions
Chapter 58 III. Democritus
Chapter 59 IV. Summing up the Early Philosophers
Chapter 59 Select Bibliography
Part 62 Chapter 8: The Peloponnesian War: Socrates, Thucydides, Euripides
Chapter 63 I. Socrates
Chapter 64 II. Thucydides
Chapter 64 Discussion Questions
Chapter 65 Select Bibliography
Chapter 65 III. Euripides
Part 68 Chapter 9: Rhetoric and the Philosophers
Chapter 69 I. Rhetoric
Chapter 70 II. Extemporaneous and Prepared Speeches
Chapter 71 III. Isocrates (436-338)
Chapter 72 III. Rhetoric and Philosophy
Part 75 Chapter 10: Plato
Chapter 76 I. Plato (428-348 B.C.E.)
Chapter 77 II. Reading Platonic Dialogues
Chapter 78 III. A Compendium of Views Associated with Plato
Chapter 79 A. Metaphysics
Chapter 80 B. Ethics
Chapter 81 C. Political Philosophy
Chapter 82 D. Eros
Chapter 83 E. Teleology
Chapter 84 F. Other Views
Chapter 85 IV. Plato's Academy
Chapter 85 Discussion Questions
Chapter 86 V. After Plato
Chapter 86 Select Bibliography
Part 89 Chapter 11: Aristotle
Chapter 91 II. Logic
Chapter 92 III. Aristotle's Ten Categories
Chapter 93 A. The Ten Types of Predication
Chapter 94 B. Matter and Form
Chapter 95 C. Actuality and Potentiality
Chapter 96 D. Essence
Chapter 97 E. Additional Thoughts on Actuality and Potentiality
Chapter 98 IV. Aristotle's "Four Causes"
Chapter 99 V. Aristotle's Response to Parmenides
Chapter 100 VI. The Prime Mover as Aristotle's Deity
Chapter 101 VII. Aristotle's Philosophy of Science
Chapter 102 A. The Strong Meaning of Knowledge
Chapter 103 B. Where Knowledge Comes From
Chapter 104 C. Mistakes People Make About Knowledge
Chapter 105 D. Unqualified Knowledge
Chapter 106 VIII. Aristotle's Ethics
Chapter 107 A. Happiness
Chapter 108 B. The Doctrine of the Mean and the Virtues
Chapter 109 C. Friendship
Chapter 110 D. Pleasure
Chapter 111 Discussion Questions
Chapter 111 IX. Aristotle's Psychology
Chapter 112 Select Bibliography
Chapter 112 X. Aristotle's Legacy
Part 115 Chapter 12: The World of The Third Century
Chapter 116 I. Alexander and his Aftermath
Chapter 117 II. Intellectual Developments
Chapter 118 A. Mathematics and Astronomy
Chapter 119 B. Biological Sciences
Chapter 120 C. City-planning
Chapter 120 Discussion Questions
Chapter 121 D. Literary Studies
Chapter 121 Select Bibliography
Part 124 Chapter 13: Epicureanism
Chapter 125 I. Introduction
Chapter 126 II. Epicurus's Antecedents
Chapter 127 A. Aristippus of Cyrene (435-360)
Chapter 128 B. Pyrrho of Elis (c. 360-275)
Chapter 129 III. Epicureanism
Chapter 130 A. Epicurus
Chapter 130 Discussion Questions
Chapter 131 B. Epicurus's System
Chapter 131 Select Bibliography
Chapter 133 I. Introduction
Part 134 Chapter 14: Stoicism
Chapter 135 I. Introduction
Chapter 136 II. Cynics
Chapter 137 III. The Early Stoa
Chapter 138 A. The Founding of Stoicism: Zeno (336-265)
Chapter 139 B. Zeno's Successors
Chapter 140 C. The Middle Stoa
Chapter 141 IV. Tenets of Stoicism
Chapter 142 A. Introduction
Chapter 143 B. Logic
Chapter 144 C. Stoic Physics and Its Relation to Ethics
Chapter 145 D. Ethics
Chapter 146 E. Assorted Stoic Views
Chapter 147 V. Roman Stoicism
Chapter 148 A. Seneca (4 B.C.E.-65 C.E.)
Chapter 149 B. Epictetus (55-135)
Chapter 150 C. Marcus Aurelius (121-180)
Chapter 150 Discussion Questions
Chapter 151 VI. Concluding Remarks on Stoicism
Chapter 151 Select Bibliography
Part 154 Chapter 15: Rome and Cicero
Chapter 155 I. Rome
Chapter 156 II. Cicero the Man
Chapter 157 III. Cicero the Thinker
Chapter 157 Discussion Questions
Chapter 158 IV. Cicero's Legacy
Chapter 158 Select Bibliography
Part 159 Chapter 16: Greek Philosophy Finds the Bible and the Bible Finds Greek Philosophy
Chapter 162 Discussion Questions
Chapter 162 I. The World at the Turn of the Millennium
Chapter 163 Select Bibliography
Chapter 163 II. Philo of Alexandria
Part 166 Chapter 17: The War for the Ancient Soul
Chapter 167 I. The War of Politics and Philosophy
Chapter 168 II. Cultural Decline and Its Explanations
Chapter 169 III. The City on a Hill
Chapter 170 IV. Christianity and Philosophy
Chapter 171 V. The Christian Dance with Philosophy: Minucius Felix and Basil of Caesarea
Chapter 172 A. Minucius Felix (fl. 200-240)
Chapter 172 Discussion Questions
Chapter 173 B. Basil of Caesarea (330-379)
Chapter 173 Select Bibliography
Chapter 174 Discussion Questions
Chapter 175 Select Bibliography
Part 176 Chapter 18: Philosophy at the End of Antiquity
Chapter 177 I. Neoplatonism
Chapter 178 II. Plotinus (205-270)
Chapter 179 III. Christian Philosophy
Chapter 180 IV. Augustine (354-430)
Chapter 181 A. Augustine's Conversion to Philosophy
Chapter 182 B. Augustine's Manichaean Period
Chapter 183 C. Augustine's Neoplatonist Period
Chapter 184 D. Augustine's Christian Philosophy
Chapter 185 E. Conclusions about Augustine
Chapter 186 V. Boethius (475-524)
Chapter 187 Discussion Questions
Chapter 187 VI. Heresy and the End of Ancient Philosophy
Chapter 188 Select Bibliography
Chapter 188 VII. Concluding Remarks
Chapter 189 Discussion Questions
Chapter 190 Select Bibliography