Preface

1. Background and History
Drug Basics
Drug Sources
Drug Types
Drug Nomenclature
The Drug Approval Process
Preclinical Testing
Clinical Testing
FDA Approval
Unapproved Drugs
Orphan Drugs
Prescription Drugs in History
The History of Pharmaceutics
Narcotics
Opiates
Semi-Synthetic Opioids
Synthetic Opioids
Monitoring of Drug Use
Conclusion
References

2. Problems, Controversies, and Solutions
Testing New Drugs
Animal Experimentation
Human Experimentation
Testing Biases
Reforming Drug Trial Inequities
Prescription Drug Abuse
Types of Prescription Drugs of Abuse
Stimulants
CNS Depressants
Opioids
The Cost of Prescription Drugs
The Data
Causes
Corporate Expenses and Profits
Other Causes
Possible Solutions
Conclusion
References

3. Perspectives
Introduction
The Cork Board, Kyle Citrin, Clay Knibbs, and Carter Soboleski
Climate Change and Prescription Drugs: The Impacts of Increased Temperature on Public Health, Shel Evergreen
Drug Discovery: A Twentieth-Century Story of Scientific Curiosity, Persistence, and Creative Guesswork, Margaret Willig Crane
Will Naloxone Become a Real "Superhero"?, Randolph Fillmore
Drugs and the Professional Bodybuilder, Kenzie Gauck
The Significance of Statistics, Joel Grossman
Prescription Drug Ads That Target Consumers, Phill Jones
The Human Brain, Maia Pujara
The Second-Best Time, Thomm Quackenbush
Sick Full Time, Marissa Quenqua
The Drug Supply Chain and the United States, Bob Roehr
Can Information Technology Help Curb Prescription Drug Abuse?, Jeremy Summers

4. Profiles
Alliance for Safe Online Pharmacies
Bayer AG
Drug Enforcement Administration
Carl Durham (1892–1974)
Hubert Humphrey (1911–1978)
Paul Janssen (1926–2003)
Kaiser Family Foundation
William Proctor Jr. (1817–1874)
Friedrich Sertürner (1783–1841)
Alexander "Sasha" Shulgin (1925–2014)
Daniel B. Smith (1792–1883)

5. Data and Documents
Data
Table 5.1. Urban-Rural Differences in Drug Overdose Death Rates, by Sex, Age, and Type of Drugs Involved, 1999–2017
Table 5.2. Strategies Used by U.S. Adults to Reduce Cost of Prescription Drugs, 2013–2017
Table 5.3. Descriptive Statistics on Prescription Drug Prices for Select Countries, 2018
Table 5.4. Median Total Cost of Top-Selling Brand-Name Drugs, 2012–2017
Table 5.5. Prescription Drug Use in the Past 30 Days, by Sex, Race and Hispanic Origin, and Age: United States, Selected Years 1988–1994 through 2013–2016
Table 5.6. Trends in Use of One or More Prescription Drugs in the Past 30 Days, by Age, 2007–2016
Table 5.7. Most Commonly Used Prescription Drug Types in the Past 30 Days, by Age Group, 2015–2016

Documents
Durham-Humphrey Amendment (1951)
Controlled Substances Act (1970)
Orphan Drug Act of 1983
Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act (1984)
Prescription Drug Marketing Act of 1987
State Doctor Shopping Laws (1990/2011)
Prescription Drug User Fee Act (1992)
Animal Drug Availability Act (1996)
Ryan Haight Online Pharmacy Consumer Protection Act of 2008
FDA Bad Ad Program (2010)
United States ex rel. Michael Mullen v. AmerisourceBergen Corporation, et al. (2018)
American Patients First (2018)
Generic Drugs: Questions & Answers (2018)
Association for Accessible Medicines v. Frosh (2018)
Medicare Prescription Drug Coverage (2020)
The American Hospital Association v. Azar (2020)

6. Resources
Books
Articles
Reports
Internet

7. Chronology

Glossary
Index