Machiavelli says that his wisdom has two sources: his long experience with modern things and his continuous study of ancient things. Scholars have spilled gallons of ink tracing and debating the latter—his dialogue with Plato and Aristotle, his use of Greek and Roman historians, his theological antecedents, and so on—but have largely neglected the former. Nederman's new book focuses on the former. He shows how Machiavelli's early writings—those predating his fall from political power, torture, and exile and his penning of The Prince—can illuminate his later and more widely studied works. Nederman's thesis is measured and subtle. He does not claim that Machiavelli always thought the same things, nor does he claim that the early works reveal a hitherto secret aspect of Machiavelli's thought that resolves all interpretive debate for all time. Instead, he argues that by tracing how Machiavelli changes his mind about topics such as virtue, for instance, one can better understand his later thought. The book is meticulously researched, thoughtfully argued, and moderate and irenic in its conclusions without in any way detracting from its importance. This is an important contribution to the understanding of Machiavelli. Highly recommended. Graduate students and faculty.

Choice Reviews

“Cary Nederman's book on the early Machiavelli is a long overdue and masterfully executed study of the Florentine's writings composed before he penned The Prince and his other illustrious works. Nederman examines the young Machiavelli's literary and prose writings to explore the role of, among other concepts, virtue, liberty, and religion in the Florentine's intellectual development. The Rope and the Chains: Machiavelli’s Early Thought and Its Transformations is a major contribution to Machiavelli studies and to scholarship on early modern intellectual history.”

John Mccormick, University of Chicago

Few scholars possess the intellectual firepower to engage the varied perspectives of historians, philosophers, and social scientists on Machiavelli’s political thought. Cary Nederman’s latest book leaves no doubt that he is in that select group. His expertise in ancient and medieval European ideas yields cogent and insightful analyses of Machiavelli’s early writings, revealing a pattern of both continuities and disjunctures with his later, more celebrated works which are indispensable for a well-rounded understanding of his political thought as a whole. Rather than producing another intellectual biography, Nederman has judiciously employed linguistic and conceptual analysis to trace an impressive range of themes in these neglected early writings. Political theorists will be gripped, in particular, by Nederman’s analysis of how the concept of virtue came to be problematized in relation to fortune, as well as of the “staggering” change that occurred in how Machiavelli understood the relation between liberty and security by the time he wrote The Prince. Readers will also appreciate Nederman’s careful examination of Machiavelli’s early commentaries on leaders and institutions in not only Italian but also French and German politics in the first decade of the sixteenth century.

Jason Maloy, University of Louisiana, Lafayette

"This is the best study currently available on Machiavelli, one which investigates the vexed question of the relationship between Machiavelli the political actor as Secretary of the Florentine republic and Machiavelli the political thinker after the republic’s fall. An audacious and novel reconstruction of Machiavelli’s political thought, it is at once a close textual analysis of Machiavelli’s language, and a deft and brilliant exploration of the genealogy of his central political ideas. It is undeniably an indispensable addition to Machiavelli scholarship.”

Benedetto Fontana, Baruch College/CUNY

“Cary Nederman’s The Wheel and the Rack is essential reading for both graduate students and established scholars alike who seek to understand the genesis and full range of his political thought. Nederman shifts his focus from the familiar Machiavelli, author of The Prince and The Discourses on Livy, who emerges after the middle of 1513, to an unfamiliar Machiavelli, whose political writings before 1513 are largely unknown. Nederman is correct in arguing that Machiavelli’s “mature” ideas can only be comprehended fully by considering the intellectual challenges he confronts and his sometimes-tentative solutions to these challenges, which he delineates in his pre-1513 writings.”

Gary Remer, Tulane University