In this outstanding and original book, Hwang analyzes North Korea’s nuclear diplomacy under three leaders during the nuclear crises on the Korean peninsula since the early 1990s. He challenges the realist and liberal approaches dominating scholarly and policy discourses and offers an alternative approach based on prospect theory. The book argues that North Korea’s leaders are risk-acceptant or risk-averse according to their perception of gains and losses in international and domestic environments. As a result, North Korea has moved between engagement and confrontation with the US when its supreme leader has perceived North Korea's security predicament to be deteriorating. Hwang explains why Kim Il Sung changed North Korea's nuclear policy from confrontation to engagement (risk-aversion), signing the June 1994 Agreed Framework with the US. The second nuclear crisis under Kim Jong Il witnessed a sharp change in nuclear policy from confrontation (withdrawal from the Non-Proliferation Treaty) to engagement (Six-Party Talks) back to confrontation. Lastly, Hwang discusses North Korea's nuclear risk-taking attitudes under Kim Jong Un, including the failed summits with the US and the return to a confrontation policy toward the US. A useful addition to Jun Taek Kwon and Weiqi Zhang's Strategies of Survival (CH, Apr'24, 61-2307). Highly recommended. Advanced undergraduates through faculty; practitioners.

Choice Reviews

North Korea's nuclear program is arguably one of the most contentious issues facing the world. Jihwan Hwang applies prospect theory with great skill and verve to illuminate the many changes in Pyongyang's stance on this issue over the past three decades. He offers an insightful explanation of this phenomenon as North Korea's leaders respond to their changing domestic and international circumstances. His comprehensive account should be of interest to all those who are interested in the topics of nuclear proliferation and Northeast Asia's stability.

Steve Chan, College Professor of Distinction, Emeritus, University of Colorado, Boulder

“In this book, Hwang masterfully analyses the evolution of North Korea's nuclear policy throughout its history and all day to the present. Highly recommended.”

Ramon Pacheco Pardo, King's College London

In North Korea, Nuclear Risk-Taking, and the United States, Professor Jihwan Hwang examines the enigma of North Korean nuclear diplomacy from the 1990s to the present under three different rulers of the Kim family regime. Drawing on insights from prospect theory to explain North Korea’s risk-taking behavior, Professor Hwang offers a unique analysis to a vexing security problem that will be of great value and interest to scholars and policy practitioners alike.

Andrew Yeo

The reasons for the constant shifts in North Korea's nuclear policy have been the subject of much unfruitful debate that has yielded few real answers. Jihwan Hwang's systematic study of North Korea's nuclear policy since the end of the Cold War offers some critical insights into this problem. He carefully explains how an array of internal and external factors have prompted shifts in North Korea's policy over the years. It is a clearly-written and incisive manuscript that needs to be read by anyone with a serious interest in understanding North Korea's seemingly unexplainable behavior.

Gregg Brazinsky, The George Washington University

“Hwang Jihwan masterfully assesses the balance of influence between external and internal factors that have shaped the risk assessments of three generations of North Korean leaders in the ongoing nuclear confrontation with the United States. The study provides useful and nuanced insights that should be of interest to both scholars and policymakers on why and when North Korea has changed course from confrontation to engagement and back again.”

Scott Snyder, Co-editor, North Korea's Foreign Policy: The Kim Jong Un Regime in a Hostile World