Preface

1. Background and History
Introduction: Determinants of the Great Diversity of U.S. Elections
– Elections
Constitutional Provisions Regarding Elections in America
Elections at the National Level
– Origins of the Two-Party System
– Competing to Replace the Whigs
– From Reconstruction to the Progressive Era
– Great Depression Ushers in New Political Era
– Voting Reforms amid Political Change
Elections at the State Level
– State Governorships
Elections at the Local Level
Expansion of the Franchise by Law, Practice, and Court Decisions
– Expansion of the Franchise in America's First 100 Years
– Triumphs and Setbacks in Voting Rights since the Civil War
Types of Elections
Waning Parties and Rising Interest Groups in American Elections
Bibliography

2. Problems, Controversies, and Solutions
Introduction
Who Gets to Vote?
Hyperpartisan Tribalism
Gerrymandering of Electoral Districts
Campaign Costs and Election Finance Reform
Recruitment of Candidates
Facets of Political Culture
Political Participation and Religion
New Political Culture
Media and Elections
– Politically Motivated News Source Preferences and Beliefs
Interest Groups and Elections
The Impact of Federalism
The Mechanics of Elections
Bibliography

3. Perspectives
Introduction
Equality and Constitutional Electoral Reform: Problems and Prospects, Ken Bedell
Is Colorado a One-Party State?, Tom Cronin and Bob Loevy
Thoughts on the 2020 Election, Sara Hagedorn
Colorado's Election System: A National Model, Beth Hendrix
Voter Suppression and the Exclusion of American Citizenship, Adam Le
The Kornacki Effect: Vote Count Framing in a Pandemic Year, Kimberly Nalder
Social Justice Protests and the 2020 Presidential Election, August H. Nimtz
Indigenous Voters Helped Swing the 2020 Election, Anna V. Smith
Latinx Voting Behavior: Key Insights from Recent Presidential Elections, José D. Villalobos

4. Profiles
Introduction
Organizations
– ACLU (American Civil Liberties Union)
– ActBlue
– AFL-CIO Workers' Voices PAC
– American Bridge 21st Century
– Americans for Prosperity
– American Heritage Society
– Brennan Center for Justice
– Center for American Progress (CAP)
– Club for Growth
– Constitution Center
– Democratic National Committee (DNC)
– Emily's List
– Federalist Society (FS)
– Federal Election Commission (FEC)
– Green Party of the United States (GPUS)
– League of Women Voters (LWV)
– Lincoln Project
– Make America Great Again (MAGA) PAC/Save America PAC
– NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)
– National Conference of State Legislatures
– National Democratic Redistricting Committee
– National Rifle Association (NRA)
– Pew Research Center
– Priorities USA
– Republican National Committee (RNC)
– U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ)
– U.S. Elections Assistance Commission (EAC)
– WinRed
People
– Becker, David
– Bush, George W.
– Clarke, Kristen
– Elazar, Daniel
– Feingold, Russ
– Harrison, Jaime
– Hill, Erin
– Holder, Eric
– Koch, David
– Limbaugh, Rush
– McCain, John
– McDaniel, Ronna
– Nader, Ralph
– Obama, Barack
– Reagan, Ronald
– Rehnquist, William
– Richards, Cecile
– Roberts, John
– Roosevelt, Franklin D.
– Sanders, Bernie
– Schumer, Charles
– Stein, Jill
– Trump, Donald
– Turner, Deborah Ann
– Van Buren, Martin
– Warren, Earl
Bibliography

5. Data and Documents
Introduction
Data
– Table 5.1: States Ranked by Date of Entrance to the Union
– Table 5.2: State Election Officials by State
– Table 5.3: States with Multiple Election Officials
– Table 5.4: Types of Primary Elections Used in the American States
– Table 5.5: Political Party Percentage from 2020 Exit Polls (ABC News)
– Table 5.6: Six U.S. Supreme Court Cases Involving the 10th and 14th Amendments
– Table 5.7: Major Civil Rights Acts Passed by the U.S. Congress, 1866–1993
– Table 5.8: Exemplary Powerful Super PACs
– Table 5.9: The Cost of U.S. Elections, 1998–2020
– Table 5.10: Supreme Court Cases Impacting Gerrymandering
– Table 5.11: Campaign Finance Laws and Supreme Court Decisions Timeline
– Table 5.12: States Ranked by Percent VEP Turnout Rate, 2020 U.S. Election
– Table 5.13: States Ranked by the Cook Partisan Voting Index (CPVI), 2020
– Table 5.14: Electoral College Vote (ECV) by State, 2020
– Table 5.15: Party Identification, Annual Averages, 2010–2020
– Table 5.16: Most Popular News Platforms for Government and Politics, November 2020
Documents
– Doc. 5.1: Census Clause of the U.S. Constitution, Article I, Section 2, Clause 3
– Doc. 5.2: The Hatch Act
– Doc. 5.3: The McCarran-Walter Act
– Doc. 5.4: The Voting Rights Act of 1965
– Doc. 5.5: The Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971
– Doc. 5.6: The Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002
– Doc. 5.7: Reynolds v. Sims, 377 U.S. 533, 1964
– Doc. 5.8: Excerpts of the Case Summary in Bush v. Gore, 2000
– Doc. 5.9: FEC v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc., 2007
– Doc. 5.10: Citizens United v. FEC, 2010
– Doc. 5.11: McCutcheon v. FEC, 2014
– Doc. 5.12: Rucho v. Common Cause, 2019, Justice Kagan's Dissenting Opinion

6. Resources
Introduction
Books
Leading Scholarly Journals
Websites
Documentaries

7. Chronology

Glossary
Index