List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Exhibits
List of Boxes
Preface
Acknowledgments
Note to the Student
1.The Context of Public Sector Budgets
Overview
What Is a Budget and What Is Public Budgeting?
Functions of a Budget
Budget Formats
Types of Budgets
Reading a Budget
Budget Message, Budget Highlights, Executive Summary
Budget Summary
Source of Revenue
Source of Expenditures
Department/Agency Budget Information
Supplemental Budgeting Information
Public Versus Private Budgets
Overview of Revenues and Expenditures
Governmental Accounting
Government Funds
Proprietary Funds
Fiduciary Funds
Conclusion
Important Terms and Phrases
Exercises
Appendix 1A: Budget Letter
Appendix 1B: Jefferson City Budget Summary
Appendix 1C: Jefferson City Fire Department
2.Preparing a Budget Proposal
Overview
Budget Cycles
Executive Preparation
Legislative Approval
Budget Execution
Audit/Evaluation Phase
Equity Audits
The Budget Calendar
The Budget Game
Budget Actors
Chief Executive
Budget Director
Legislator/Council Member
Agency Directors
Agency Roles Expanded
Justifying and Defending the Budget
Political Budgets
Technical Budgets
Key Components of the Budget Proposal
Project Title
Description and Rationale
Objective Justifying the Need
Budget and Budget Description
Measures of Success
Conclusion
Important Terms and Phrases
Exercises
Appendix 2A: Budget Proposal
Appendix 2B: Original Budget Proposal Request Form
Appendix 2C: Evaluation of the Role Playing Assignment
Appendix 2D: Jefferson City Budget, FY 2023-2024
Appendix 2E: Washington State Decision Package
3.Personnel Services and Operating Budgets
Overview
Writing a Personnel Services Budget
Calculating FICA and Medicare
Pensions
Calculating the Pension Benefit
Position Classifications and Salary Ranges
Justifying a New Position
Calculating a Personal Services Budget
Preparing an Operating Budget
Conclusion
Important Terms and Phrases
Exercises
Appendix 3A: Jefferson City Tourism Department
Appendix 3B: Jefferson City Tourism Department
Appendix 3C: Pension Payment Worksheet: Long Version
4.Preparing a Capital Budget and a Capital Improvement Plan
Overview
Capital Budgets versus a Capital Improvement Plan
Capital Budgets
Why Separate a Capital Budget from an Operating Budget?
Capital Improvement Plans
The Capital Budgeting Process
Identifying and Prioritizing Projects
Needs Assessments and the Selection of Projects
Financing Capital Improvement Projects
Conclusion
Important Terms and Phrases
Exercises
Appendix 4A: City of Alexandria, Virginia Health Department
Appendix 4B: Jefferson City Fire Department Capital Budget Process
Appendix 4C: Jefferson City Project Justifications
Appendix 4D: Preparing a Capital Budget and a Capital Improvement Plan
Appendix 4E: Capital Improvement Plan
5. Funding State and Local Budgets
Overview
Sources of Revenue
Taxes
Property Taxes
Setting the Property Tax Rate
Tax Assessments and Tax Rates
Coefficient of Dispersion
Price Related Differential
Tax Collection
Income Taxes
Sale and Use Taxes
Alcohol, Tobacco, Marijuana, and Motor Fuel Taxes
User Charges and Impact Fees
Setting a User Fee Rate
Intergovernmental Transfers
Licenses, Permits, and Franchise Fees
Gaming
Other Revenues
Revenue Management
Conclusion
Appendix 5A: Property Tax and Millage Rates
Appendix 5B: Coefficient of Dispersion
Appendix 5C: Price Related Differential
Appendix 5D: Jefferson City Public School System
Appendix 5E: Jefferson City Revenue
Appendix 5F: Jefferson City Swimming Pool Cost Estimate
Appendix 5G: Jefferson City Budget Summary
6. Budgeting Techniques and Analytical Models
Overview
Understanding the Methods and Techniques of Analysis
Forecasting Revenues
Forecasting Models
Selecting the Best Forecasting Model
Types of Forecasts
Status Quo Model
Extrapolation Model
Judgmental or Brainstorming Model
Delphi Model
Time Series Model
Multiple Regression Model
Econometric Models
Cost-Benefit Analysis and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
Alternative 1: Increase Patrol Time
Alternative 2: Add a Substation
Alternative 3: Add a Bycycle/Foot Patrolperson to the Area
Analyzing the Alternatives
Financial Decision Making Tools
Discounting to Present Value/Discount Rates
Rate of Return
Payback Method
Breakeven Analysis
Productivity Analysis
Multiple Regression Analysis
Reading and Understanding Reports
Conclusion
Important Terms and Phrases
Exercises
Appendix 6A: Present Value Calculation
Appendix 6B: Net Present Value
Appendix 6C: Annual Calculations
7. Financial Management
Overview
Financial Condition
Financially Solvent or Not?
Detecting an Operating Deficit
External Cash Management Practices
Managing Cash Internally
Risk Management
Framing Risk Management
Mission Identification
Risk and Uncertainty Assessment
Risk Control
Risk Financing
Program Administration
Procurement and Contracting
Equity and Procurement
Cutback Management
Causes of Cutbacks
Cutback Strategies
Creating a Pro-Businesses Environment in your City
Financial Incentives
Quality of Life Incentives
Debt Management and Investment
Debt Management Policy
Additional Budget Options
Conclusion
Important Terms and Phrases
Appendix 7A: Risk Management Assessment Plan
Appendix 7B: Life-Cycle Cost
Appendix 7C: Risk Assessment and Questionnaire
Appendix 7D: City of Lawrence Debt Management and Fiscal General Policy
Appendix 7E: City of LawrenceDebt Management Policy
8. Effectively Communicating Data
Overview
Data Quality, Sources, and Appropriateness
Displaying Data
Tables
Charts and Figures
Scattergrams
Line Graphs
Pie Charts
Bar / Column Charts
Microsoft PowerPoint Presentations
Conclusion
Important Terms and Phrases
Exercises
Appendix 8A: Counties in the State of Alexander
Appendix 8B: A Guide to Writing a Research Proposal and Research Paper
References
About the Author