Do those who go to court without legal representation receive a fair trial?

The right to a fair trial under Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights depends on being able to participate effectively in court proceedings. Yet litigants in person – individuals who appear without legal representation – frequently encounter intellectual, practical, emotional and attitudinal barriers that undermine that participation.

This book examines what effective participation means for litigants in person and how it can be secured in the ordinary conduct of civil and family proceedings. Drawing on extensive empirical research with litigants in person, judges, lawyers, court staff and McKenzie Friends, it explains how participative gaps arise in practice and the limits of existing doctrinal frameworks which identify unfairness only after proceedings have concluded.

The book develops a theory of participative justice and identifies ten descriptors of effective participation. These descriptors translate the abstract requirements of the right to a fair trial into practical, observable conditions that can be recognised and addressed during litigation, rather than retrospectively on appeal or review.

Written for academics, judges, lawyers, policy makers and practitioners concerned with access to justice and the operation of civil and family courts, the book provides a principled and practical framework for understanding, assessing and protecting fair trial rights for litigants in person.