This book represents decades of candid reflection on human-environment relations. It is a welcome challenge to the 'interpretation' focus that dominates currently, evident in fashionable political ecology. Pete Vayda-who needs no introduction to those familiar with the field-has consistently argued for empirically grounded 'explanation' (asking 'why-questions,' as he puts it ) supported by rigorous appraisal of available evidence. He refines his argument here, in an approach he now calls 'causal explanation,' and explores its methodological implications. I warmly recommend the book to all those with an interest in human ecology as a thought-provoking read.

Paul Sillitoe, professor of anthropology, Durham University

This unusual book asks, among other things, what causes forest fires in Indonesia, what prompts tribal warfare, and why does tropical deforestation happen? Unlike most books that span such a diverse set of topics, however, the purpose here is not to present a grand theory-just the reverse. Andrew P. Vayda, who has been a pioneer in the development of environmental anthropology and human ecology over the past half-century, eschews grand theories, theoretical fads, and bandwagons, arguing instead that we re-direct anthropological inquiry away from abstract explanation and toward concrete causes of events. Vayda asks, what should we study, how should we study it, and what claims can we make after we have done so? Both those who agree and those who disagree with Vayda's answers to these questions will welcome his call for greater self-interrogation regarding anthropological theory and method.

Michael R. Dove, professor of social ecology, Yale University

This collection gives us insights into the hallmarks of Vayda's distinguished career: a fidelity to the details where human actions and environmental changes take place; an attention to the logic of the case informed by decades of advancements in the philosophy of science; and rigorous attention to the back-and-forth of explanation and methodology. Pete Vayda is social science's answer to Sherlock Holmes. His culprit is causation.

professor of geography, John Paul Jones, III, University of Arizona

Explaining Human Actions and Environmental Changes successfully weaves together Vayda's extensive empirical work with concrete discussions of the nature of explanation in the social sciences. Vayda's pragmatic and contextual approach to explanation, applied to real issues in social research, seems to me precisely the right way to approach these issues, and the end product is a very interesting and helpful book.

Harold A. Kincaid, professor of philosophy, University of Alabama at Birmingham

Vayda's significant critique …clears the way for the proposal of an explicitly event-based causal approach for understanding environmental changes. This important book should be required reading not only for human ecologists and ecological anthropologists, but also for all other social scientists concerned with environmental change. It will make for an exceptional and stimulating reading for students in graduate and advanced undergraduate courses addressing environmental issues and provide an excellent springboard for new research and understanding.

Human Ecology

No other anthropologist has advanced environmental science to the extent that Pete Vayda has done, particularly with respect to how we study change and causation. Whether writing alone or in collaboration, he never fails to challenge the reader intellectually. This volume brings together some of his most provocative writings, all directed to explaining human behavior or environmental change. As reflected in these essays, his thinking has changed over the years but remains empirically grounded, extremely creative, and always important. This book should be required reading for anyone concerned with research design and explanation in the social and environmental sciences.

Daniel Bates, editor, Human Ecology; emeritus professor, Hunter College, CUNY