Jeffrey Sommers delivers a powerful and highly instructive work. The successful slave revolt in Haiti, culminating in 1804, was an event of historic significance, establishing the first free society in the western hemisphere. Haitians have been bitterly punished by the great powers ever since for that achievement. Woodrow Wilson’s invasion a century ago was another severe blow, from which Haiti has yet to recover. This compelling study, drawing together many diverse factors and using a rich variety of primary sources, not only provides new and valuable insights into the events and their background, but also into the making of imperial policy and its beneficiaries.

Noam Chomsky, Laureate Professor, University of Arizona

Jeffrey Sommers provides us with essential reading at the centennial of the U.S. occupation of Haiti. His book details the forces propelling this signal event in Haiti’s history. It reveals the tenacity of old fashioned racial taxonomies and their intersection with the then newly emergent economic forces in the U.S., to deliver a distinctive political economy of Wilsonian interventionism in Haiti. In the end it raises questions about who the "real" savages are. A must read for those wishing to understand the antecedents for those preaching American exceptionalism today.

Patrick Bellegarde-Smith, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee

Why did the United States send troops into Haiti in 1915? How could Woodrow Wilson’s ideas of 'democracy' include military takeover of a sovereign nation? How could the occupation continue for nearly twenty years? Jeffrey Sommers uses innovative research to trace the 'road to occupation' of Haiti through documents that clarify the racial and imperial politics of the era. Haitian nationalism, still forceful a century after the country’s 1804 revolution, could not hold out. Wilson’s racialized 'democracy' persisted until he found a pretext for sending in the marines. Haiti became a model for America’s relations with 'little brothers,' with segregation and military dominance.

Patrick Manning, University of Pittsburgh