Martin takes inspiration from legal scholar Derrick Bell’s work on racial realism to argue that Black people throughout history have been, in her words, “duped” into believing that the US can fundamentally change, and thus they can alter their position of racial subordination (p. 1). As Martin argues, that position is permanent and the sooner Black people recognize this reality, the more peace and agency they will achieve and the less disappointment they will experience. They can subsequently channel their energy in more productive ways, such as into exposing the US's symbolic, rather than substantive, promises to change to mitigate embarrassment on the world stage. Underscoring the permanence of African Americans’ subordinate status, Martin cites studies that document racial disparities—both past and present—in education, sports, wealth, and health, including those stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic. Martin insists that her position is not pessimistic but realistic, albeit largely unpopular. Indeed, in her analysis, preeminent civil rights and Black Power activists like Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Kwame Ture were wrong about the US, while Louis Farrakhan of the Nation of Islam is right. Recommended. General readers.

Choice Reviews

This book provides a necessary and timely review of the literature on how structural and institutional oppression continue to operate and diminish opportunities of the American dream for many Black people. The present day discussions and facts noted provide critical insights into our subconscious as a country and our belief in equity and access for all.

David Rudder, Springfield College

Dr. Lori Martin provides a powerful overview of American history while debunking myths along the way for Black Americans. This book provides concrete evidence of Black people in America as a minority group that has endured systematic racism, discrimination, and marginalization, mostly as a result of U.S. legislation and policy. The book is multidisciplinary, drawing on insights and approaches from history, sociology, critical race studies, African American Studies, and criminal justice. Undergraduate, graduates, and scholars will find this book educational and valuable, especially in today’s color blinded society.

Melinda Jackson-Jefferson